Uso do pedículo inferior não areolado na amputação mamária: aprimorando resultados / Use of the back-folded dermaglandular inferior pedicle in mammary amputation: improving results

INTRODUÇÃO: Pacientes com gigantomastia apresentam múltiplos sintomas físicos e psicossociais. Várias técnicas foram propostas para o seu tratamento. A amputação mamária, descrita por Torek em 1922, apresenta com excelente alternativa, porém com prejuízo na funcionalidade mamilar e no formato da mama. Liacyr Ribeiro, em 1975, descreveu o retalho inferior dermoglandular não areolado a fim de proporcionar tecido de segurança para ressecção mamária, facilitar a montagem da mama e melhorar sua projeção. Este trabalho propôs unir estas duas consagradas técnicas, visando aprimorar os resultados das amputações mamárias. MÉTODOS: Foram operadas 11 pacientes com gigantomastia com prole definida, pela técnica de amputação mamária associada ao pedículo inferior não areolado. RESULTADOS: Distância média da fúrcula esternal ao mamilo foi de 35,6 centímetros na mama direita e 35 centímetros na mama esquerda, variando de 30 a 44 centímetros. A ascensão do complexo areolomamilar foi em média de 16,9 centímetros na mama direita e 16,4 centímetros na mama esquerda, variando de 12 a 25 centímetros. A quantidade de ressecção média de tecido mamário por paciente foi de 3559,5 gramas, variando de 1600 a 5890 gramas. A hipopigmentação do complexo areolamamilar esteve presente em três (27%) pacientes. A deiscência do T foi observada em dois (18%) pacientes. A não integração parcial do enxerto ocorreu em três (27%) das pacientes, com perdas estimadas de 10%, 30% e 80% do enxerto. CONCLUSÃO: A associação da amputação mamária com o pedículo dermoglandular inferior não areolado nos oferece um melhor remodelamento da mama, segurança na montagem desta, além de proporcionar uma adequada projeção da mesma.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with gigantomastia have multiple physical and psychosocial symptoms. Various techniques have been proposed for their treatment. Described by Torek in 1922, mammary amputation was presented as a great alternative, but resulted in reduced mammillary functionality and loss of breast format. In 1975, Liacyr Ribeiro described the use of dermaglandular inferior pedicle as safety tissue to allow for mammary resection, to facilitate breast assembly and to improve projection. The author proposed to unite these two consolidated techniques with the intention of improving breast amputation outcomes. METHODS: Eleven gigantomastia patients were operated on by means of the amputation technique using dermaglandular inferior pedicle. RESULTS: The mean distance between the sternal notch and the nipple was 35.6 cm for the right breast and 35 cm for the left breast, with all measures ranging between 30 cm and 44 cm. Rise of the nipple-areola complex was in average 16.9 cm for the right breast and 16.4 cm for the left breast, varying from 12 to 25 cm. The amount of breast tissue resection per patient was, in average, 3559.5 grams, ranging from 1600 grams to 5890 grams. Hypopigmentation of the nipple-areola complex was present in three patients (27%). Dehiscence of the T was observed in two patients (18%). Partial non-integration of the graft occurred in three patients (27%), with loses estimated at 10%, 30% and 80% of the graft. CONCLUSION: Associating mammary amputation with an inferior dermaglandular pedicle provides good remodeling and safe assembling of the breast, in addition to providing proper projection.

Mamoplastia redutora com realização de técnica de Pitanguy, associada ao retalho de Silveira Neto para ascensão de complexo areolopapilar / Reduction mammoplasty with combined Pitanguy technique and Silveira Neto flap for nipple-areolar complex elevation

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipertrofia mamária é uma alteração do contorno corporal bastante frequente, e de grande importância clínica, já que repercute na mulher tanto psicologicamente como funcionalmente, em especial nas grandes hipertrofias. Para evitar o sofrimento vascular e necroses nos casos de mamoplastias redutoras em grandes hipertrofias e ptoses severas, uma opção segura é a realização de mamoplastia redutora a Pitanguy, associada à confecção de retalho dermoglandular areolado superomedial de Silveira Neto. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas, no período de abril de 2014 a julho de 2016, 14 mamoplastias redutoras utilizando a técnica descrita. A ressecção de parênquima variou entre 900 gramas a 1.800 gramas, e a distância de deslocamento superior do complexo areolopapilar variou entre 5 e 15 centímetros. Observou-se a incidência de complicações vasculares e cicatriciais do complexo areolopapilar. RESULTADOS: Todas as pacientes referiram satisfação com o resultado estético e funcional obtidos pela cirurgia. Em quatro pacientes, houve pequena área de epidermólise na região de encontro do sulco submamário com a cicatriz vertical, que cicatrizaram por segunda intenção, sem causar grandes sequelas estéticas. Em nenhum dos casos houve epidermólise ou necrose parcial ou total do complexo areolopapilar, apesar de grandes ascensões dos mesmos. Houve dois casos de hipocromia em pequena área da margem areolar. CONCLUSÃO: Para o tratamento de grandes hipertrofias mamárias, a combinação das técnicas selecionadas foi bem-sucedida em possibilitar grandes reduções volumétricas, correção de ptoses severas, com elevação do complexo areolopapilar por distâncias significativas, com segurança. Desta forma, foram obtidos bons resultados estéticos e funcionais, sem sofrimentos vasculares do complexo areolopapilar.

INTRODUCTION: Mammary hypertrophy is common, and has great clinical importance, affecting women both psychologically and functionally, especially when severe. To avoid vascular compromise and necrosis associated with reduction mammoplasty in cases with severe hypertrophy and ptosis, a safe option involves combined use of Pitanguy technique and a Silveira Neto areolar superomedial dermoglandular flap. METHODS: Fourteen reduction mammoplasties were performed between April 2014 and July 2016 with the combined technique. Parenchymal resection ranged from 900 to 1,800 g, and the superior displacement distance of the nipple-areolar complex ranged from 5 to 15 cm. Vascular and scarring complications of the nipple-areolar complex were evaluated. RESULTS: All patients reported satisfaction with the aesthetic and functional results obtained with surgery. A small area of sloughing where the inframammary crease and the vertical scar intersect was observed in 4 patients; healing occurred by second intention, without significant aesthetic sequelae. Neither sloughing nor partial or total necrosis of the nipple-areolar complex were observed, despite the significant elevation. Two cases of hypopigmentation of a small area at the areolar margin were observed. CONCLUSION: The combined technique was successful in the treatment of prominent mammary hypertrophy, enabling safe reduction of large volumes, correction of severe ptosis, and significant elevation of the nipple-areolar complex. Good aesthetic and functional results were obtained, without vascular compromise of the nipple-areolar complex.

Observer Agreement Using the ACR Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)-Ultrasound, First Edition (2003)

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the degree of inter- and intraobserver agreement when characterizing breast abnormalities using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS)-ultrasound (US) lexicon, as defined by the American College of Radiology (ACR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred ninety three female patients with 314 lesions underwent US-guided biopsies at one facility during a two-year period. Static sonographic images of each breast lesion were acquired and reviewed by four radiologists with expertise in breast imaging. Each radiologist independently evaluated all cases and described the mass according to BI-RADS-US. To assess intraobserver variability, one of the four radiologists reassessed all of the cases one month after the initial evaluation. Inter- and intraobserver variabilities were determined using Cohen's kappa (k) statistics. RESULTS: The greatest degree of reliability for a descriptor was found for mass orientation (k = 0.61) and the least concordance of fair was found for the mass margin (k = 0.32) and echo pattern (k = 0.36). Others descriptive terms: shape, lesion boundary and posterior features (k = 0.42, k = 0.55 and k = 0.53, respectively) and the final assessment (k = 0.51) demonstrated only moderate levels of agreement. A substantial degree of intraobserver agreement was found when classifying all morphologic features: shape, orientation, margin, lesion boundary, echo pattern and posterior feature (k = 0.73, k = 0.68, k = 0.64, 0.68, k = 0.65 and k = 0.64, respectively) and rendering final assessments (k = 0.65). CONCLUSION: Although BI-RADS-US was created to achieve a consensus among radiologists when describing breast abnormalities, our study shows substantial intraobserver agreement but only moderate interobserver agreement in the mass description and final assessment of breast abnormalities according to its use. A better agreement will ultimately require specialized education, as well as self-auditing practice tests.

The Clinical Significance of Normal Mammograms and Normal Sonograms in Patients with Palpable Abnormalities of the Breast

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the clinical significance of normal mammograms and normal sonograms in patients with palpable abnormalities of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From Apr 2003 to Feb 2005, 107 patients with 113 palpable abnormalities who had combined normal sonographic and normal mammographic findings were retrospectively studied. The evaluated parameters included age of the patients, the clinical referrals, the distribution of the locations of the palpable abnormalities, whether there was a past surgical history, the mammographic densities and the sonographic echo patterns (purely hyperechoic fibrous tissue, mixed fibroglandular breast tissue, predominantly isoechoic glandular tissue and isoechoic subcutaneous fat tissue) at the sites of clinical concern, whether there was a change in imaging and/or the physical examination results at follow-up, and whether there were biopsy results. This study period was chosen to allow a follow-up period of at least 12 months. RESULTS: The patients' ages ranged from 22 to 66 years (mean age: 48.8 years) and 62 (58%) of the 107 patients were between 41 and 50 years old (58%). The most common location of the palpable abnormalities was the upper outer portion of the breast (45%) and most of the mammographic densities were dense patterns (BI-RADS Type 3 or 4: 91%). Our cases showed similar distribution for all the types of sonographic echo patterns. 23 patients underwent biopsy; all the biopsy specimens were benign. For the 84 patients with 90 palpable abnormalities who were followed, there was no interval development of breast cancer in the areas of clinical concern. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that we can follow up and prevent unnecessary biopsies in women with palpable abnormalities when both the mammography and ultrasonography show normal tissue, but this study was limited by its small sample size. Therefore, a larger study will be needed to better define the negative predictive value of combined normal sonographic and mammographic findings.

The Clinical Significance of Normal Mammograms and Normal Sonograms in Patients with Palpable Abnormalities of the Breast

PURPOSE: We wanted to evaluate the clinical significance of normal mammograms and normal sonograms in patients with palpable abnormalities of the breast. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From Apr 2003 to Feb 2005, 107 patients with 113 palpable abnormalities who had combined normal sonographic and normal mammographic findings were retrospectively studied. The evaluated parameters included age of the patients, the clinical referrals, the distribution of the locations of the palpable abnormalities, whether there was a past surgical history, the mammographic densities and the sonographic echo patterns (purely hyperechoic fibrous tissue, mixed fibroglandular breast tissue, predominantly isoechoic glandular tissue and isoechoic subcutaneous fat tissue) at the sites of clinical concern, whether there was a change in imaging and/or the physical examination results at follow-up, and whether there were biopsy results. This study period was chosen to allow a follow-up period of at least 12 months. RESULTS: The patients' ages ranged from 22 to 66 years (mean age: 48.8 years) and 62 (58%) of the 107 patients were between 41 and 50 years old (58%). The most common location of the palpable abnormalities was the upper outer portion of the breast (45%) and most of the mammographic densities were dense patterns (BI-RADS Type 3 or 4: 91%). Our cases showed similar distribution for all the types of sonographic echo patterns. 23 patients underwent biopsy; all the biopsy specimens were benign. For the 84 patients with 90 palpable abnormalities who were followed, there was no interval development of breast cancer in the areas of clinical concern. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that we can follow up and prevent unnecessary biopsies in women with palpable abnormalities when both the mammography and ultrasonography show normal tissue, but this study was limited by its small sample size. Therefore, a larger study will be needed to better define the negative predictive value of combined normal sonographic and mammographic findings.

Ductographic Findings of Breast Cancer

Ductography has become the gold standard for the evaluation of patients exhibiting pathologic nipple discharges. In nine patients (age range, 29-67 years; median age, 51 years) with invasive (n=5) or intraductal (n=4) cancer, ductographic findings were recorded, then correlated with mammographic and sonographic findings. Common ductographic findings included complete ductal obstruction, multiple irregular filling defects in the nondilated peripheral ducts, ductal wall irregularities, periductal contrast extravasation, and ductal displacement. Faint microcalcifications or ill-defined masses, which were not opacified by contrast material, were often discovered adjacent to ductal abnormalities. Mammographically and sonographically occult diffusely spreading intraductal cancers often manifested as pathologic nipple discharge. In such cases, meticulous ductographic examinations and interpretations were crucial in order not to miss breast cancers.

Unilateral Breast Edema: Spectrum of Etiologies and Imaging Appearances

Breast edema is defined as a mammographic pattern of skin thickening, increased parenchymal density, and interstitial marking. It can be caused by benign or malignant diseases, as a result of a tumor in the dermal lymphatics of the breast, lymphatic congestion caused by breast, lymphatic drainage obstruction, or by congestive heart failure. Here we describe several conditions, that cause unilateral breast edema with the aim of familiarizing radiologists with these disease entities.

Foreign Body Granulomas of the Breast Presenting as Bilateral Spiculated Masses

In Asia, mammography following the injection of foreign materials into the breasts for cosmetic augmentation is frequently seen and diagnosis based on the typical radiologic findings is straightforward. We report the unusual radiologic findings in two patients with foreign body granulomas caused by injected foreign materials and discovered incidentally during screening work up. The mammographic findings were bilateral, hyperdense, spiculated masses, with occasional microcalcification, and at sonography, markedly hypoechoic, spiculated solid masses, located near the pectoralis muscle and partly extending into it, were observed. These radiologic findings mimicked malignancy.

Mammographic and Sonographic Findings of Periductal Mastitis: A Case Report

Periductal mastitis arises from major ducts. Radiographic reports describing the phases of duct ectasia and secretory calcifications, have been published, but descriptions of the phases of periductal mastitis are rare. We report the mammographic and ultrasonographic findings of periductal mastitis in a 30-year-old woman who presented with a breast lump.

Breast Disease with Skin Thickening: Differential Diagnosis with Mammography & Ultrasonography

Diffuse skin thickening of the breast is produced by lymphedema usually secondary to obstruction of theaxillary lymphatics. On physical examination, the affected breast is, due to increased fluid content, larger,heavier, and of higher overall density. Mammography reveals an increased coarse reticular pattern. Thickening ofthe skin can have many causes. It may be a result of tumor invasion or a tumor in the dermal lymphatics; orbecause of lymphatic congestion through obstruction of lymphatic drainage within the breast, in the axilla, orcentrally in the mediastinum. Further causes may be congestive heart failure, benign inflammation, primary skinprocesses such as psoriasis, or systemic diseases which involve the skin. Mammographic appearance is known to benonspecific. Ultrasound can demonstrate skin thickening directly, but despite some reports suggesting that thecause of skin thickening can be inferred from the results of ultrasound, this is not usually of practicalimportance. The purpose of this study is to review the causes of skin thickening of the breast and to usemammography and US to differentiate the causes.

Localized Foreign Body Granulomas of the Breast: Clinical and Mammographic Findings

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic findings of localized foreign body (FB) granulomas onmammograms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved 13 patients with localized FB granulomas on mammograms;their history of mammoplasty or other plastic procedures was obtained by telephone interviews. Two radiologistsanalyzed the location and morphology of FB granulomas and the presence of associated linear densities orparenchymal distortion on mammograms. Four patients underwent ultrasonography. RESULTS: No patient had a historyof mammoplasty. All 13, however, had a history of plastic procedure, three to 22 (average, 12) years previously,as follows : foreign materials including silicone liquid and oil such as paraffin been injected into the anteriorneck area of nine patients, the infra-auricular area of two, and the nose of two. Multiple small, high-density,flocculent nodules representing FB granulomas were distributed bilaterally in nine patients; they were noted inthe upper inner portion of 11 of 26 breasts. In eight patients, mammograms showed linear opacities suggestingfibrosis. There was no calcification or parenchymal distortion. Though in three cases, the masses were palpable.Ultrasonography revealed several anechoic nodules with posterior enhancement in subcutaneous fatty layers, and inone, 0.2cc of oil droplet had been aspirated under ultrasonographic guidance. CONCLUSION: Localized FB granulomasof the breast could be caused by the migration of FB from cervicofacial areas. Mammography showed characteristicdistribution of upper inner portions, and the findings were similar to those of mild interstitial mammoplasty.